How Do Flowers Attract Insects?

Few things in life are more enjoyable than to watch a patch of colorful flowers swaying in the breeze, giving off pretty scents and with insects---such as bees and butterflies---alighting from plant to plant. Although it may be relaxing for humans to watch, the activity is a sort of "business relationship." To reproduce, most plants need to spread pollen to other flowers to create seeds. To help with this job, flowers attract insects and forge a mutually beneficial relationship.

The ways flowers attract insects evolved over time into an efficient means of pollination. To draw an insect's attention, most flowers advertise themselves by being brightly colored and sitting atop long stems, so they wave in the air and are closer to where insects are flying, rather than on the ground. Beyond color, a flower's petal sizes and shapes also attract insects. Some insects are attracted more to certain flowers than to others. For example, tiny wasps like tiny flowers such as alyssum.

Insects need energy and protein that come from food. Deep in a flower's center is a "nectary" which produces nectar, a sugary solution insects like that provides carbohydrates. Plant pollen is rich in protein, which insects need for building tissues. Bees, for example, carry back pollen and nectar to their hives to help their young bees develop.

Plants also produce scents to attract insects, probably as a way to advertise that food---nectar and pollen---is available. As the insect is drinking nectar or gathering pollen, it moves around in a flower and pollen grains, which sit atop long thin stalks in the flower's center, collect on its legs or underside. When it moves to another flower, pollen can travel down a tube called a stigma to where the plant's ovules are. The ovules contain eggs. When a grain of pollen reaches it, an egg is fertilized and develops into a seed. According to The Flower Expert, flower fragrance probably evolved from chemicals meant to fend off plant-eating animals. But once insects who visited the flowers learned that the chemicals were not irritating or a deterrent to them, they began to selectively visit flowers with these fragrances.

Petals sometimes have lines or other markings, called nectar guides. These help lead insects to a flower's center, where both the flower's nectar and reproductive systems lie. According to the North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, in flowers popular with bees, the nectar guide is sometimes a region of low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of each petal. The reflectance is invisible to human eyes but not to bees.

To have a top garden, gardeners can plant flowers that draw "good" insects that eat those insects that can cause damage---aphids, the Colorado potato beetle, Harlequin bugs, green cabbage worms, tomato hornworms, flea beetles, corn ear worms and many other caterpillars, and Japanese beetles. Adams County, Maryland, master gardener Martie Young says, "Every one of these pests is eaten or parasitized by lady bugs, green lacewings, bees, wasps and flower flies." She recommends planting flowers such as foxglove and daisies and those that are red, yellow or blue.