Communication Between Two Plant Cells

Individual plant cells have developed a way to "talk" with other cells so the entire structure functions toward a common goal. Just as in animal cells, plant cells need to share information for the plant to grow and develop. Communications between two plant cells also provides for the common defense of the plant against problems.

Scientists are continuing to study the process of communications between plant cells. While much is already known about the mechanics of communications, "not much is known about the signaling pathways," according to Joanne Chory, Ph.D., director of the Plant Biology Laboratory.

A group of scientists led by Professor Andy Maule at the John Innes Centre discovered that plants create complex and highly regulated structures called plasmodesmata that act as tunnels from one plant cell to another. Plasmodesmata overcome a problem rigid-walled plant cells encounter that animal cells do not. Animal cells are able to pass information cell-to-cell though flexible openings in cell walls called gap junctions. Plasmodesmata enable information-encoded molecules to pass between cells.

Proteins act as regulators to the flow of molecules between plant cells. More is being learned about the these proteins, which ones are available to the plant cell and exactly how they work to prohibit some molecules from passing through plasmodesmata while allowing access to others. According to Professor Maule, "We are sure that plasmodesmata will contain many important proteins but our identification of this new class already means that we know now how we might regulate molecular flow from cell to cell."

Dr. Chory worked with a team of scientists that made strides toward discovering how chloroplasts, the plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, communicate with the plant structure in times of distress. They found that communications between cells converged into one pathway that led to a central "switch" of sorts that determined whether to shut down food production.

This plant cell communication discovery was important because it demonstrated how outlying cells (chloroplasts) fed information to a nucleus about stressful conditions and the nucleus communicated that a slowdown in activity was required.

Most cells keep the bulk of their genetic code inside the nucleus. However, Dr. Chory's team realized that some of this genetic material was also included in chloroplasts. Genes in the chloroplasts made it possible for these cells to decipher protein signals and know when to react to adverse conditions.