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What Is Double Fertilization in Angiosperms?
What Is Double Fertilization in Angiosperms?. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary structure, or fruit. The process of double fertilization is common to all angiosperms as well as a few of the gymnosperms, or plants that produce seeds not enclosed in an ovary.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary structure, or fruit. The process of double fertilization is common to all angiosperms as well as a few of the gymnosperms, or plants that produce seeds not enclosed in an ovary.
Two Sperm Cells
Double fertilization refers to the two sperm cells required for the process of generating each seed. One sperm is needed to fuse with an ovum to become a zygote, or embryonic plant. The other sperm fuses with the nuclei of two other female cells to produce the first cell of the endosperm that provides nutrition for the growing embryo.
Ova Formation
The formation of ova begins with a single diploid mother cell. Diploid cells contain two copies of genetic material. The diploid cell undergoes a division process that results in eight haploid daughter cells, each one containing one copy of genetic material.
Sperm Cells
Sperm cells begin as a grain of pollen. Each pollen grain is the source of a pollen tube and a haploid sperm nucleus. The pollen tube is generated first to allow the sperm cell to travel to the ova. In the process, the sperm nuclei divides through mitosis to become two haploid sperm.
Fertilization
Three of the eight daughter cell nuclei degenerate. One cell, surrounded by two helper cells, is fertilized by a haploid sperm cell, becoming a diploid zygote. The zygote will become a plant embryo. The two helper nuclei degenerate. The two remaining cells fuse with the second sperm cell, becoming a triploid endosperm cell with three copies of genetic material.
